Why is the period between the 5th and 13th century in Europe referred to as the Dark Ages?

The period between the 5th and 13th centuries in Europe is referred to as the Dark Ages primarily due to the significant decline in economic, intellectual, and cultural activity following the fall of the Western Roman Empire. This era was characterized by widespread disruption, population decline, and a general deterioration of infrastructure and civic life.

During this time, there was a noticeable decrease in trade and urbanization. Many classical texts from antiquity were lost or became inaccessible, leading to a reduction in educational opportunities and literacy levels. The focus was often on survival in a fragmented political landscape, rather than on scientific inquiry or artistic achievements.

The term "Dark Ages" can also denote the lack of historical records from this time, making it difficult for historians to understand the full scope of events and societal conditions. Thus, the choice indicating a period marked by economic, intellectual, and cultural decline accurately captures the essence of this historical era.