What is the economic theory of mercantilism most associated with?

The economic theory of mercantilism is most associated with profitable trading. This theory, which was prevalent in Europe from the 16th to the 18th centuries, emphasized the importance of accumulating wealth—primarily in the form of gold and silver—through a favorable balance of trade. Mercantilists believed that national strength could be maximized by limiting imports via tariffs and maximizing exports, facilitating a strong economic position for the nation. This focus on maximizing exports and maintaining a positive trade balance demonstrates the core idea of trading profitably, making it central to the mercantilist perspective.

The other options, such as climate control, free market competition, and consumer rights, do not align with the foundational principles of mercantilism, which is primarily concerned with state intervention in the economy and trade practices rather than social or environmental issues.